Current National Patient Safety Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Current National Patient Safety Goals - Essay Example These experts, alluded to as the Patient Safety Advisory Group, incorporate clinical doctors, attendants, drug specialists, and social insurance administrators. Moreover, the commission tailors the objectives to be program-explicit towards a particular licensed association. The Joint Commission executed the objectives to evaluate the security and the prominence of care accommodated patients. There are a few accomplishments gathered from the execution of the objectives. This paper investigates Forestalling Healthcare-Associated Infections as one of the objectives of the National Patient Safety Goals. Â Goal number seven diagrams Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections as a significant thought of patient wellbeing (The Joint Commission, 2015). It species the need to actualize proof based practices to forestall contaminations in zones, for example, focal line-related circulatory system diseases, medicinal services related diseases, careful site diseases, and inhabiting catheter-related urinary tract contaminations. What's more, it presents hand cleanliness rules and frameworks objectives for improving hand cleaning as indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Human services experts taint a large number of individuals during the time spent giving consideration, treatment, and social insurance benefits in medicinal services associations. Medicinal services related contaminations are in this way an indispensable part of patient wellbeing in human services settings. Hand cleaning and the bunch types of contaminations are itemized underneath. Â

Israeli palestinian conflict Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Israeli palestinian clash - Term Paper Example The pace of improvement is fast which is additionally testing Americans. They have not had the option to determine numerous debates including the Israel and Palestinian clash. They don't have the foggiest idea how to adapt to it. Another position by the American government is of changing loyalties that has made question among the Middle Eastern nations. Different conditions in the past reflect it. Other than helping the nations in advancing their neighborhood arrangement for harmony, America utilizes power to keep up. This consequently welcomes resistance. The wars done by America particularly in Afghanistan was expensive. It impacts their economy as well as around the world. The American open even doesn't adjust its inclinations to the legislature. They have an isolated sentiment and this makes it hard for the administration to choose. About the height and perspective on America from the world, they anticipate that it should go about as a super force. Issues inside America as shutdo wn of government posts and workplaces are disturbing for Americans as well as for the whole world. Such things are a hit to the eminence of the American approaches for even their own kin. The world economy consequently is affected by it. The partners of American need to reevaluate the amount they can confide in putting resources into organizations in America. On the off chance that the military capacities all things considered while government occupations are laid off, the individuals will open their eyes and acknowledge where the planning is placed in to. The approaches set by the American government were esteemed tobe perfect for a discretionary nation however the emergencies inside America has prompted dithering from different nations in embracing such strategies. Their recently presented human services program is flawed too. By permitting Russia to furnish a center line while managing Syria has caused the world to accept that American isn't the main worldwide leader yet Russia l ikewise exists other than the super force. A study was directed on the perspectives on America from around the globe. The outcomes show that Middle East and south Asia have the most negative perspectives on America [1]. In this article I will concentrate on Israel and Palestine strife. Key Issues: The key issues in the Israel-Palestinian clash incorporate Jerusalem as the fundamental bone of dispute. The two of them guarantee to claim it. The two sides have a profound regard for it dependent on their strict convictions. The contention of this district is that Israelis are of the view that they ought to keep up their authority over it. Palestinians accept that they ought to have the power over Jerusalem as they had with respect to it before 1967. Israel proclaiming the contested area as its capital in its law is exceptionally upsetting for the Arab countries as it was procured with wars and its proprietorship isn't yet settled. The two countries appear to have worries over rehearsing religion in the regions administered by the other country. There have been occurrences in the past in which individuals have been restricted from visiting their sacred places and rehearsing their religion. Different issues between the two countries I of the Palestinian outcasts. They fled to spare their lives in 1967. Accordingly they were not given any nationality. Much following 30 years of war, these individuals are compelled to live in exile camps. Huge numbers of them are presently brought into the world outside Israel yet they ought to reserve an option to come back to their country. Israel denies this privilege and announces that other Arab countries should give them nationalities that have gone about as their host nations. They likewise deny removing these individuals from

Critical Analysis of the Trends in Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) in the Term Paper

Basic Analysis of the Trends in Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) in the United States - Term Paper Example The setting factors go about as Vehicle Mile Traveled (VTM) development drivers. They incorporate lawful/political atmosphere, family structure, social/social conditions and innovative, efficient and institutional structure of the American culture. The conversation accommodated the effect of the delineated elements is uneven. A large portion of variables, for example, decentralization of organizations can have either impact. Travel prerequisites diminishes as an individual ages because of the reduction in the movement level and decline in business related ventures. As opposed to the previous contentions, the maturing factor doesn't increment or lessen the VMT. This is on the grounds that the diminished levels brought about by the maturing populace are countered by the expanding travel levels brought about by the developing youthful grown-ups. In any case, the improved wellbeing, riches and higher authorizing rates for the senior ladies have abridged the decrease in the paces of porta bility for the more established age. The contention on the maturing factor disregarded the effect of the monetary development on the VMT. This lessens the pace of VMT. Changes in the idea of work will lessen VMT in light of the fact that a large portion of the business offices and people are applying the utilization of PC innovation to upgrade creation. The vast majority of the laborers can telecommute and abstain from making a trip to their work places. Most foundations of higher learning are likewise inclining towards presenting on the web exercises. This will decrease the movement necessities for most understudies. Decentralization of organizations to provincial regions can likewise contribute into the decrease in the VMT on the grounds that organizations might be situated close to the workforce subsequently, discrediting the movement need. Completed products will be brought close to retailers and customers discrediting the need of going over significant distance to secure them. The effect of the maturing populace is sensible in light of the fact that the voyaging propensity of an individual is reliant on the action level. The movement recurrence increments as an individual develops to middle age. Kids may not legitimately produce VMT yet they increment the movement requests for their folks. The moderately aged grown-ups would legitimately build the VMT as they are in the pinnacle levels of the business related travel. It is eminent that the pervasiveness of scattered rural situations and all the more working guardians have caused numerous young people to depend on auto-travel to and from school. The ascent in the fuel costs will by and large lead to the decrease in the VMT. Nonetheless, changes will be immaterial in light of the fact that the vast majority are compelled to head to and from work paying little heed to the oil costs. Adjustment of workforce cooperation rates may have either impacts for example it can lessen or expand VMT. The expansion of lad ies workforce may prompt the increment in the requirement for movement. In any case, the rate may in any case diminish in light of the fact that the inclusion of ladies doesn't mean an expansion in the work power. They simply fill the opening that would have been filled by anybody, implying that the quantity of the workforce is protected just as their movement needs. The effect of a large portion of the illustrated factors is subject to the progressions in different elements. For example, changes in the expansion in the expense of driving may expand VMT if there should arise an occurrence of things to come development in the economy and salary levels (Ewing 2007). Changes in assembling and dissemination and patterns in the expense of genuine property are the two contradicting factors that can prompt increment in VMT. The decentralization of enterprises because of the improvement of new

The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster Free Essays

string(35) was determined in each decision. Hazard CASE STUDY †ASSIGNEMENT 2 August 3, 20111 THE SPACE SHUTTLE CHALLENGER DISASTER Risk Management Plan 1. Hazard the board plan sums up chance administration approach, list strategies and procedures, characterizes everyone’s job †meaning of hazard the executives plan. NASA was utilizing generally subjective hazard evaluation process. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Dispatch of the bus was permitted insofar as total hazard stayed satisfactory. Quantitive technique was applied for chance appraisal supposing that the mind boggling methods (like information gathering) were set up NASA would be covered with administrative work. NASA’s culture was flying with satisfactory hazard. There was Risk Management Plan set up for NASA in light of the fact that there was chance appraisal and conventions set up yet because of inordinate nature of the greater part of NASA’ ventures waivers turned into a method of directing business. As depicted in the NASA Handbook, perils (dangers) were examined and managed by the Senior Safety Review Board. Each distinguished hazard was arranged by a set up framework, in view of both the risk’s level of criticality on a size of one to three (C1, C1R, C2, C2R, and C3). In any case, their survey procedure battled that no single hazard or mix of dangers would be sufficient to forestall a dispatch, as long as the total hazard stayed at a worthy level. 2. The Risk Management Plan was not followed. Techniques used to assemble information to survey chance were costly and work serious as were the strategies (Flight Readiness Reviews. To stay aware of crucial calendar †16 flights for every year any) issues must be settled quick (waivers). When a hazard was pronounced adequate, it was disregarded during future strategic meetings. Moreover, they didn’t have appropriate methods for assessing the effect of obscure dangers (I. e. the ice issue). Finally, convention expressed that one hazard or one person’s concern was insufficient to drop the dispatch. A no dispatch proposal by one gathering could have been overruled by the dispatch executive. 3. Contrasts: a. Hazard Management Plan is the result of Plan Risk Management Process and portrays how chance administration is organized and performed. It incorporates technique (approach, apparatuses, information source), jobs and duties (lead, support), financial plan (assets, convention for possibility asset), timing (when and how frequently process is performed), chance classes (RBS), meaning of hazard likelihood and effect (high, medium, low), likelihood and effect network, chance stakeholders’ resistance. b. Quality Assurance Plan depicts how quality confirmation will be performed inside undertaking to consider diminishing â€Å"waste† and dispensing with forms that don't include esteem. It is intended to build level of effectiveness. c. Security Plan A wellbeing plan is a sorted out arrangement of rules and rules used to keep up safe workplace. 4. Strain to meet timetable †sixteen flights every year in 1986 implied that all included should confront desk work imperatives identified with flight preparation appraisal. Faculty and contractual workers were staying at work past 40 hours previously attempting to round out all important administrative work identified with critical thinking, examinations and last flight refreshes. Waivers were a piece of NASA conventions to sidestep the entirety of this in addition to they were an approach to showed that hazard was satisfactory. Number of flight every year was basic to structuring hazard the executives plan on account of all similitudes between flights like temperature; dispatch condition could become unsurprising components to decide worthy hazard. Hazard Identification 5. Hazard is unsure occasion related with work, it is a misfortune increased by probability that may have sway on the task. There are three basic classifications of dangers: controllable knowns, wild knowns, and questions. Irregularity is a deviation from the norm. Task administrator and group characterize a standard and choose the distinction dependent on meaning of oddity gave by topic specialists (engineers). 6. NASA had Flight Readiness Review scarcely any days before flight. Hazard recognizable proof at NASA was led by Senior Safety Review Board. In greater part of cases hazard evaluation process was subjective. In the event that total hazard stayed adequate dispatch ought to occur. Peril were dissected and exposed to formalized danger decrease process I in NASA handbook. Quantitative strategy for chance evaluation was not applied in light of the fact that they were costly and tedious. Specialized specialists were not included enough in any of the conversations. 7. So as to determine any distinctions we have to show them and evaluate them first which never occurred if there should arise an occurrence of Challenger. Client is in every case right and at last his choice overrules yet contactor must give as precise information as conceivable dependent on examination. Each perceived hazard has diverse weight and some of them through conceptualizing can be settled or even dispensed with. 8. Upper administration should be resolved to extend of such a colossal scale and bolster it. They ought to be educated about individual dangers and it is up to extend director to give genuine data about undertaking. It appears that culture of NASA acknowledged waiver as an approach to decide satisfactory hazard and thought about then as a piece of legitimate convention. 9. Hazard related with any picked technique ought to be arranged dependent on cost (financial plan), security and innovation (structure) and generally sway on the mission. Challenger didn't have either strong political help or bearing. Cost turned into the most basic part in dynamic. Sold fuel frameworks were less expensive yet in addition less protected. They require less innovative work yet were intended for reusability. 10. Politically roused exchange offs are difficult to control by PM and his/her group. There is a strain to for government to convey guarantee or a need to see where all subsidizing went. The sum total of what PM has is information and estimations dependent on research, examination and chronicled exercises. There ought to be where security gets difficult to exchange. This is the place government plan ought not applied in light of the fact that danger of losing lives is too high to even consider trading. 11. NASA was feeling the squeeze from government and by a similar token compelled temporary worker (Thiokol). Financing was conflicting, desires were high and there was no reasonable bearing where space program was proceeding to fly show was past capacities of faculty should he decided to follow all systems. Hazard was determined in each choice. You read The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster in classification Papers 12. Hazard Management plan is developing archive as venture goes on. various stages ought to be recorded in Risk Register and 2 isolated hazard appraisals led in light of the fact that each stage faces various dangers. Recognizing danger will assist us with investigating triple limitation factors. Both hazard evaluations are similarly significant. Hazard Quantification 13. Given the unpredictability of Space Shuttle Program it is impor tant to address separately every specialized part of the hazard. At times exercise gained from past involvement in transports can be applied to other program given that conditions like climate, protection from high temperature or fuel type. Certain estimations can be applied to all space transport programs. Subjective hazard assessment could be utilized toward the start of the task to sift through degree of each hazard. Quantitative hazard would be conceivable if there full help from upper administration (government), spending plan and approachs were set up. The two procedures are similarly important in complex undertaking like Challenger. 14. There were 3 separate ice reviews directed on the site and ice group obligation was to evacuate any ice. First investigation postponed dispatch because of quality of ice on platform. Second investigation found still huge nearness of ice on dispatch site and it was resolved take off was perilous. Falling ice could harm heat tiles on the Orbiter. Third investigation despite everything discovered critical ice existences on the platform. 3 significant worries of the ice-on-the-cushion issue: dispatch complaint because of the climate, ice on the cushion was obscure impact on the start and flotsam and jetsam were viewed as potential flight security peril, freeze insurance plan for platform 39B was deficient. Ice was viewed as a potential issue. 15. Hazard measurement permits planning better for potential dangers. Contractual workers give information yet it is choice of the client whether to take a portion of all information viable when settling on choice. To determine a matter of question, the client and temporary worker ought to team up. In the event that there is no understanding client chooses what way to deal with take. 16. Senior administration should be given data in straightforward structure †if there should arise an occurrence of Shuttle short film introducing what might occur on sway. Just potential issue made it as far as possible up to higher administration not the basic ones. None of the suggestions from Thiokol were passed to upper administration. There were no settled methodology that all hazard information can't be adjusted by any individual from the group without appropriate access and ability. 17. It was quantitative framework however giving waivers all the time made it pointless in light of the fact that they by-passed a portion of the proposals. Exercises learned were not utilized by Thiokol with respect to temperature at dispatch which should be 53 degrees Fahrenheit. Thiokol engineers attempted to evaluate a portion of the dangers dependent on authentic data with respect to blow-bys and temperatures. 18. No, there were no probabilities allocated to hazard like clay, temperature, rings in spite of the fact that there was some chronicled information accessible. There were insufficient subtleties to create probabilities and measurements to depend on. Specialists couldn't decide direct relationship between's variables. Hazard Response (Handling) 19. Size of the organization, av

A Leaders Guide to Real Kids, Real Stories

A Leaders Guide to Real Kids, Real Stories The Real Kids, Real Stories series from Free Spirit Publishing focuses on short, stand-alone stories of courageous and impactful young people from around the world. The tales in each book will inspire young readers and show the importance of the core character traits covered (courage, learning from mistakes, persistence, creativity). Teachers and parents can use this Leader Guide to supplement the stories with discussion questions, writing prompts and individual and group activities. This Leader Guide supplements the following titles in the Real Kids, Real Stories series: Real Kids, Real Stories, Real Change Real Kids, Real Stories, Real Character This resource is provided courtesy of Free Spirit Publishing, the leading publisher of positive, practical and pro-kid classroom materials for social-emotional learning, character education, gifted and talented learners, and special education.

Essay Sample on Swine Flu Pandemic

Essay On â€Å"Swine Flu Pandemic: Causes, Prevention and Cure for the Illness† The most common virus in pigs called swine influenza (also SIV or simply swine flu) is also spread among human and birds diseases, which became a pandemic infection in 2009. This was the year when the World Health Organization (WHO) defined the highest level of the illness for the last 41 years. The statistic data showed that the swine flu reached more than 74 countries. With the rise of the illness the first symptoms of SIV were noticed and recognized specifically in the local environments where people were close to pigs, for instance, farmers. What originated the rise of swine flu? Later on, in 2009 as mentioned, the disease infected humans all over the world and the investigations revealed two main antigens — Hi (hemagglutinin type 1) and N1 (neuraminidase type 1), which gave this pandemic the name H1N1. Hereafter, the investigators revealed that the eight RNA strands in swine flu were originated from human, bird and swine influenza strains (the latter outnumbers the first two). How to recognize and prevent H1N1? With the smallest hint of a swine flue infection cause, which is cough, running nose, fever, general body fatigue accompanied with headache, the patient is obliged to be diagnosed — have a quick test to see if theres infection of A or B types of influenza virus. The test can be both negative or positive for A or B type. In case the test is negative, theres no swine flu. Otherwise, if the test shows a positive result for B type, theres no need to worry about flu infection. Vise versa, a positive result for A type may be a sign of swine flu (H1N1). Nevertheless, the quick tests of the kind remain questionable as for the accuracy of the result, which is why the patient should be diagnosed differently. How the patients should be cured to recover? The doctors outline the groups of people who have the highest risk of getting the disease, heres why the vaccination for the group is suggested the most and foremost. The group to vaccinated includes pregnant women, the staff working in health-care industry, people of those professions who work with children aged under 6 months, and each and every person with a weak stamina and immune system. To avoid any complexity with health, people with the symptoms of H1N1 are highly recommended to stay at home and spend minimum time in the crowds until they are completely recovered. In cases the patients need to leave homes, they should wear special surgical face masks which can be purchased in every drug store to reduce the amount of droplets spray while sneezing or coughing. Probably, all those trying to prevent being infected by swine influenza should stick to the basic rules and take care of the immune system before the rise of disease as it happened in 2009.

Deception, Fraud, and the Collapse of Enron Essay

Deception, Fraud, and the Collapse of Enron Introduction From America’s 7th most valuable company in December 2000, to a company in ruins by early 2002, Enron has been involved in one of the most incredible reverses of fortune ever. With shares riding high on Wall Street at $84.87 on the 28th December 2000, and awards such as â€Å"America’s most innovative company† from Fortune Magazine 6 years running, and â€Å"Energy Company of the Year† from the Financial Times also in 2000, it looked as though Enron were promising to be one of the biggest American companies of all time. Things started going drastically wrong. As large losses were being reported, share prices tumbled, and Enron, within the space of only a year, was on the verge of collapse.†¦show more content†¦Organic growth was possible through high profits and high share prices, so Enron diversified into not only providing energy, but offering the up and coming broadband service. This was a decision that would cost them in the future. Enron were confident that it would be a success and so took a risk into a market that had not yet fully taken off. It was here eventually where Enron lost most of its money. They overestimated prices, and ended up losing $102m, with only $16m coming in. They bought up too many fibre optic cables (required to deliver the broadband internet service) of which only 2% were used. The broadband service was also responsible for Enron using the wrong accounting techniques that actually made them look as though they were making money. They used a style known as â€Å"mark to market†, where money from contracts worth a certain amount of money over a long period (eg 5 years) were shown in the account straight away. Predictions were way out, as this accounting technique only works efficiently in a liquid market- where there are many buyers and sellers. By using it for assets that cant necessarily be seen- allocation of internet capacity, it didn’t work. It is clear that this was a huge mistake. Using the wrong style of accounting meant that investors thought that Enron were making money, where in fact they were making huge losses. A former vice-president to Enron, Sherron Watkins, sent a letter to Kenneth Lay, the chiefShow MoreRelatedThe Collapse Of The Corporate Rock Star1686 Words   |  7 PagesThe story of Enron is one of a perfect storm--the right people in the right places with the right ideas, but the exact opposite. Moreover, it is a story about accounting fraud, deception, the ugly side of corporate culture and, most of all, greed. In entry level accounting classes, it is taught that publishing accurate financial statements and being honest in accounting practices are fundamental to maintaining a healthy business and achieving lasting success. 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The Myths of the Founding of Rome

By tradition, the city of Rome was founded in 753 B.C.* The stories  about the founding of Rome are conflicting, but there are two main founding figures to look out for: Romulus (after whom the city may have been named) and Aeneas. It is also possible that Evander of Arcadia founded Rome. Much of the information on the founding of Rome comes from the first book of Livys history of Rome. Aeneas as Founder of Rome The Trojan prince Aeneas, an important figure linking the Romans with the Trojans and the goddess Venus, is sometimes credited with the founding of Rome as the culmination of his post-Trojan War adventures, but the version of the Roman foundation myth that is most familiar is that of Romulus, the first king of Rome.   The Romulus and Remus Myth Romulus and Remus were twin brothers, the sons of a vestal virgin named Rhea Silvia (also called Ilia) and the god Mars, according to legend. Since vestal virgins could be buried alive if they violated their chastity vows, whoever forced Rhea Silvia to enter the equivalent of an ancient convent assumed that Rhea Silvia would remain childless. The grandfather and great-uncle of the twins were Numitor and Amulius, who between them divided the wealth and kingdom of Alba Longa (a city founded by Aeneas son Ascanius), but then Amulius seized Numitors share and became sole ruler. To prevent retaliation by the offspring of his brother, Amulius made his niece a vestal virgin. When Rhea became pregnant, her life was spared because of the special pleading of Amulius daughter Antho. Although she kept her life, Rhea was imprisoned. Contrary to plan, the virgin Rhea was impregnated by the god Mars. When the twin boys were born, Amulius wished to have them killed, and so bid someone, perhaps Faustulus, a swineherd, expose the boys. Faustulus left the twins on the river bank where a she-wolf nursed them, and a woodpecker fed and guarded them until Faustulus took them into his care again. The two boys were well educated by Faustulus and his wife, Acca Larentia. They grew up to be strong and attractive. They say that his name was Faustulus; and that they were carried by him to his homestead and given to his wife Larentia to be brought up. Some are of the opinion that Larentia was called Lupa among the shepherds from her being a common prostitute, and hence an opening was afforded for the marvellous story.—Livy Book I As adults, Remus found himself imprisoned, and in the presence of Numitor, who determined from his age that Remus and his twin brother could be his grandsons. Learning of Remus predicament, Faustulus told Romulus the truth of his birth and sent him off to rescue his brother. Amulius was despised, and so Romulus drew a crowd of supporters as he approached Alba Longa to kill the king. The twins re-installed their grandfather Numitor on the throne and freed their mother who had been imprisoned for her crime. The Establishment of Rome Since Numitor now ruled Alba Longa, the boys needed their own kingdom and settled in the area in which they had been raised, but the two young men couldnt decide on the exact site and started building separate sets of walls around different hills: Romulus, around the Palatine; Remus, around the Aventine. There they took auguries to see which area the gods favored. On the basis of conflicting omens, each twin claimed his was the site of the city. An angry Remus jumped over Romulus wall and Romulus killed him. Rome was therefore named after Romulus: A more common account is that Remus, in derision of his brother, leaped over the newly-erected walls, and was thereupon slain by Romulus in a fit of passion, who, mocking him, added words to this effect: So perish every one hereafter, who shall leap over my walls. Thus Romulus obtained possession of supreme power for himself alone. The city, when built, was called after the name of its founder.—Livy Book I Aeneas and Alba Longa Aeneas, son of the goddess Venus and the mortal Anchises, left the burning city of Troy at the end of the Trojan War, with his son Ascanius. After many adventures, which the Roman poet Vergil or Virgil describes in the Aeneid, Aeneas and his son arrived at the city of Laurentum on the west coast of Italy. Aeneas married Lavinia, the daughter of a local king, Latinus, and founded the town of Lavinium in honor of his wife. Ascanius, son of Aeneas, decided to build a new city, which he named Alba Longa, under the Alban mountain. Alba Longa was the hometown of Romulus and Remus, who were separated from Aeneas by about a dozen generations. Aeneas was hospitably entertained at the house of Latinus; there Latinus, in the presence of his household gods, cemented the public league by a family one, by giving Aeneas his daughter in marriage. This event fully confirmed the Trojans in the hope of at length terminating their wanderings by a lasting and permanent settlement. They built a town, which Aeneas called Lavinium after the name of his wife. Shortly afterward also, a son was the issue of the recently concluded marriage, to whom his parents gave the name of Ascanius.—Livy Book I Plutarch on Possible Founders of Rome ... Roma, from whom this city was so called, was the daughter of Italus and Leucaria; or, by another account, of Telephus, Herculess son, and that she was married to Aeneas, or ... to Ascanius, Aeneass son. Some tell us that Romanus, the son of Ulysses and Circe, built it; some, Romus the son of Emathion, Diomede having sent him from Troy; and others, Romus, king of the Latins, after driving out the Tyrrhenians, who had come from Thessaly into Lydia, and from thence into Italy.—Plutarch Isidore of Seville on Evander and the Founding of Rome There is a line (313) in the 8th book of the Aeneid that suggests Evander of Arcadia founded Rome. Isidore of Seville reports this as one of the stories told about the founding of Rome.   A banishd band,Drivn with Evander from th Arcadian land,Have planted here, and placd on high their walls;Their town the founder Pallanteum calls,Derivd from Pallas, his great-grandsires name:But the fierce Latians old possession claim,With war infesting the new colony.These make thy friends, and on their aid rely.—Dryden translation from Book 8 of the Aeneid. Points to Note About the Roman Founding Legend Rome was founded on 21 April 753 B.C., according to tradition. It was celebrated in Rome with the festival of Parilia.Because a woodpecker tended to the twins, the woodpecker was sacred to Rome.In some versions of the story, Rhea was drowned and then married the river god Tiber.When Faustulus first let the twins go, they floated into the river and then washed ashore at the base of a fig tree. This was the site where they built their city.In some versions, Acca Larentalia was a prostitute.The stories of the founding of Rome are just that, stories. The legends, as a whole, are not confirmed by tangible evidence although they can be used to help interpret some bits of archaeological data. * 753 B.C. is an important year to know since some Romans reckoned their years from this beginning time (ab urbe condita), although the names of the consuls were more commonly used to pinpoint a year. When viewing Roman dates you may see them listed as xyz year A.U.C., which means xyz years from (after) the founding of the city. You might write the year 44 B.C. as 710 A.U.C. and the year A.D. 2010 as 2763 A.U.C.; the latter, in other words, 2763 years from the founding of Rome.

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Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2004 Essay - 1713 Words

Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2004 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was signed into law on July 30, 2002 by President Bush. The new law came after major corporate scandals involving Enron, Arthur Anderson, WorldCom. Its goals are to protect investors by improving accuracy of and reliability of corporate disclosures and to restore investor confidence. The law is considered the most important change in securities and corporate law since the New Deal. The act is named after Senator Paul Sarbanes of Maryland and Representative Michael Oxley of Ohio (Wikipedia Online). Sarbanes-Oxley consisted of 11 different titles or sections. Title I is Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. It created a five member panel known as the Public†¦show more content†¦An accounting firm is also now banned from perform auditing services for one year on a company if the firm employs any former high-ranking executives. Title III of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is Corporate Responsibility. It creates many new obligations for CEOs, CFOs, and other senior executives. Title III requires that CEOs and CFOs must certify that they have reviewed annual as well as quarterly reports and that they contain no untrue information, material omissions, or misleading information. CEOs and CFOs are now responsible for establishing and maintaining internal controls, plus reviewing their effectiveness within 90 days prior to financial reports. They must disclose any deficiencies or possible fraud. The CEO and CFO are required to give back any bonuses or sale of company securities, if the company must restate financial statements due to material noncompliance or misconduct. High-ranking executives are also now banned from trading company securities during pension fund blackout periods. Lawyers are now required to report any evidence of violations of securities law or obligations to either the CEO of the company or chief legal counsel. If a person violates the law and their conduct demonstrates an unfitness to serve, he or she can be banned from being an executive of a company (Sarbanes-Oxley). Title IV is Enhanced Financial Disclosures. This section of theShow MoreRelatedThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 20021668 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The Act Impact ACC 410, Jackie Lewis, Ph.D. Abstract The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, officially named the â€Å"Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002†, is recognized to be the most noteworthy U.S. federal disclosure and corporate governance legislation since the Securities Act of1933 (the Securities Act) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act). Furthermore, the provisions of the Act areRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Sox ) For A Company1461 Words   |  6 Pagesto try to describe the cost and benefits of implementing the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) for a company. I will then move on to describe what it is, how to go about it, and what a company may need to properly implement it. The Sarbanes Oxley Act was approved and activated in 2002 to protect investors and to renew confidence in American companies from what happened with the fall of companies like Enron, HealthSouth, and WorldCom. This act was trusted to fix or find corruption in the companies and makeRead MoreThe Implications of the Sarbanes Oxley Act on the Accounting Profession755 Words   |  4 PagesThe Implications of the Sarbanes Oxley Act on the Accounting Profession Abstract On July 30, 2002, the Sarbanes Oxley Act (also known as SOX) was signed into law by President George W. Bush. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 is a federal law that set new or improved standards for all U.S. public company boards, management and public accounting firms. Covered in the eleven titles are additional corporate board responsibilities, auditing requirements and criminal penalties. ThisRead MoreEssay about Details of the Sarbanes Oxley Act 20021060 Words   |  5 Pagesfindings properly. Since the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, there have been provisions that have directly affected auditors. This paper will include the details of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, how ethics and independence have affected auditors, as well implementation of new standards based on the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, provided changes in the regulations of the issuers in the public structures in the United States, as well as non-United States issuers. The Act applies to all issuers includingRead MoreThe Tax Advantages Of Sarbanes Oxley Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesDisadvantages of Sarbanes-Oxley Afua Nyamekye Liberty University The Tax Advantages and Disadvantages of Sarbanes-Oxley The 1990s and the early 2000s was a time that the world witness an explosion of fraud in the corporate world. Corporate fraud like Enron, HealthSouth, Waste Management, WorldCom, Lehman Brothers, etc. was so disturbing that lawmakers felt the need for a law to help curb down these frauds. Lawmakers came out with Sarbanes Oxley named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Rep. MichaelRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act And Its Effect On Market Liquidity1289 Words   |  6 Pagesseller (Abella, 2016). The Sarbanes Oxley Act in 2002 incentivized institutions to keep more accurate and attainable records of business. The Act being based off of the fraudulent activity of several high profile companies (eg. Enron), was put in place to better monitor and record a companies transactions, improve management style, and promote ethically responsible behavior in the workplace (Keneth, 2015). Our main purpose is to determine whether or not the Sarbanes-Oxley Act had an affect on marketRead MoreThe Sarbanes Ox ley Act Of 20021525 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Cheeseman, 2013). Congress ordered the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX Act) to shield customers from the fraudulent exercises of significant partnerships. This paper will give a brief history of the SOX Act, portray how it will shield general society from fraud inside of partnerships, and give a presumption to the viability of the capacity of the demonstration to shield purchasers from future frauds. History of the SOX Act Congress established the Sarbanes-Oxley ActRead MoreCorporate Scandals And The Implact Of The Sarbanes Oxley Act1472 Words   |  6 PagesA LOOK AT CORPORATE SCANDALS AND THE IMPLACT OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I. INTRODUCTION An economic boom filled with fraud, collapsed in the early 2000s with the unravelling of Enron in October 2001 followed by the implosion of WorldCom and many others big corporations. The downfall of these major companies led to a wide spread crisis of confidence in the financial markets. A crisis caused by executive greed was able to be magnified when the gatekeepers, the auditors, lawyers and analystsRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act and the PCAOB Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act Overview: The development of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was a result of public company scandals. The Enron and Worldcom scandals, for example, helped investor confidence in entities traded on the public markets weaken during 2001 and 2002. Congress was quick to respond to the political crisis and enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which was signed into law by President Bush on July 30 (Edward Jones, 1), to restore investor confidence. In reference to SOX, penaltiesRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Memo1410 Words   |  6 PagesAugust 22, 2005 SUBJECT: Sarbanes-Oxley recommendations As consultants for Ancher Public Trading (APT), Learning Team A would like to discuss the implications of the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) legislation. This memorandum provides a brief history of SOX ¡Ã‚ ¦s creation, explains the relationship amongst the FASB, SEC and PCAOB, describes the pros and cons of SOX, assesses the impacts of SOX, and lists ethical considerations of SOX. History of SOX - the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is legislation in response

High Fructose Corn Syrup Free Essays

WHAT IS HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP? * High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a calorie-providing sweetener used to sweeten foods and beverages, particularly processed and store-bought foods. It is made by an enzymatic process from glucose syrup that is derived from corn. A relatively new food ingredient, it was first produced in Japan in the late 1960s, then entered the American food supply system in the early 1970s. We will write a custom essay sample on High Fructose Corn Syrup or any similar topic only for you Order Now HFCS is a desirable food ingredient for food manufacturers because it is equally as sweet as table sugar, blends well with other foods, helps foods to maintain a longer shelf life, and is less expensive (due to government subsidies on corn) than other sweeteners. It can be found in a variety of food products including soft drinks, salad dressings, ketchup, jams, sauces, ice cream and even bread. The enzyme process that changes the 100% glucose corn syrup into HFCS 42 is as follows: 1. alpha-amylase  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ produces shorter chains of sugars called  oligosaccharides  from raw  cornstarch. 2. Glucoamylase  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ breaks the oligosaccharides down even further to yield the simple sugar glucose. 3. Xylose isomerase  (aka glucose isomerase) – converts glucose to a mixture of about 42% fructose and 50–52% glucose with some other sugars mixed in. * has the same calories from sugar, honey There are two types of high fructose corn syrup found in foods today: * HFCS-55 (the main form used in soft drinks) contains 55% fructose and 45% glucose. * HFCS-42 (the main form used in canned fruit in syrup, ice cream, desserts, and baked goods) contains 42% fructose and 58% glucose. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP? Low Calorie and Generally Recognized as Safe * HFCS’s calorie content is similar to table sugar, about 4 calories per gram. It is also a food product â€Å"generally recognized as safe† by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration. * Ubiquitous, Well-Preserved Food at Low Prices * Food manufacturers favor HFCS because it is just as sweet as cane sugar but cheaper. This means they can produce greater amounts of food at lower prices and enable the country to enjoy relatively rare food shortages. In addition, HFCS acts as a food preservative and protects food from water activity that allows microorganisms to grow. It also helps reduce freezer burn and aids in the fermentation process for yeast-raised bread and * * WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WITH HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP? * * That’s why many of the lower class is more malnourished because the things they can afford are all processed and packaged and full of hfcs many other preservatives * IS THIS A CREDIBLE SOURCE OF INFORMATION? * * HowStuffWorks. com is *probably* accurate in its information, but it’s not the best place to get your information because it’s just doing the same thing you are–compiling bits of information from a lot of different sources, not producing new information. The person writing the article may or may not be an expert in the field they’re writing in, but the article is meant for people to satisfy their curiosity, not do serious research. * * http://www. sparkpeople. com/resource/nutrition_articles. asp? id=486 http://www. eatrightontario. ca/en/Articles/Carbohydrate/What-you-need-to-know-about-high-fructose-corn-syr. aspx http://www. livestrong. com/article/339628-nutritional-benefit-of-high-fructose-corn-syrup/ How to cite High Fructose Corn Syrup, Papers High Fructose Corn Syrup Free Essays High Fructose Corn Syrup: Friend or Enemy We eat every day, rarely thinking about what’s going into our bodies. Take soda, for example, when was the last time you read the label before taking a sip? For me, it is never. One of the first ingredients listed on the can is HFCS or high fructose corn syrup. We will write a custom essay sample on High Fructose Corn Syrup or any similar topic only for you Order Now This ingredient is a secret additive to many products in today’s market. High Fructose Corn Syrup is one of the cheapest to make and hardest to get rid of in the body. Since its introduction to food products in the 70’s it has slowly been added to most foods, even ketchup. More and more scientists are trying to find links between HFCS and several major health problems; such as diabetes and obesity. Although a major link has not been definitely determined to date, minor links have been proven such as such as the amounts that can be consumed before harm can be determined. Even though some minor associations have been made the FDA still considers HFCS to be safe for consumption. The reason for this is because HFCS is not considered an artificial ingredient. The rule considered is as long as a product has no signs of a chemical added it cannot be labeled an â€Å"artificial ingredient†. In researching the origin of High Fructose Corn Syrup I found out that mercury was found in the product. Even with this new information, the FDA still allows this product to be used in 94% of the foods we consume every day. Why would you need to put HFCS in baby formula? In places like England and France they have practically banned HFCS and made it difficult to use in the entire country. The European Union has a deal with the Sugar Refiners to only use natural cane and beet sugars. High Fructose or Syrup as you now knows are any almost everything we eat and drink. But what you don’t know is what it is really doing inside your body. High Fructose Corn Syrup started being mass produced in 1982. It was around that time that researchers noticed an increase in children developing type II diabetes. Obesity around the country has soared. Type 2 diabetes is related to the body’s inability to effectively use the insulin that is produced by the pancreas. This is thought to be directly related to weight. It has been proven that HFCS also cause heart problems. This is also thought to be weight related. Despite all the recent attempts to try and prove HFCS unhealthy effects, the Corn Refiners Association has come out with campaigns in High Fructose Corn Syrup’s defense. They state the HFCS are not bad and are ok when eaten in moderation. There is no such thing as moderation when it is found in 94 % of the food. While more cons can be found than pros for HFCS; the Corn RefinersAssociation stands behind their product. In fact all the pros I found came from the CRA. The only truth I found was that it is cheaper to produce. Their website has no real information; and in fact called what many to believe to be truths myths. Although the Corn Refiners Association proved to be pointless my endless goggle search did take me too many blogs and organizations which I found to be very informative. Even though the bloggers were only expressing their opinion, many found HFCS to be repulsive. Many of the organizations say they are 20 xs bad for your health. The most informative was HighFructoseCornSyrup. com they are a group of bloggers that I agree with. Each of their articles deal with HFCS in the media and how it is affecting us as a society. After reading all this information and making my way through my research, I began to question what I was eating. Is this slurpee chockfull of HFCS? Of course, just look at how sweet it is. Is my burger only good because that ketchup it’s covered with is full of â€Å"sugar†, I mean high fructose corn syrup? Maybe I’m just losing it because I didn’t want to believe what I had been hearing for years was true. Is my weight gain because I eat too much or is it the Additive that is in so many of the foods I eat that caused the weight gain in the first place? Hmm! Although it has been on the market for about 35 years most thought their weight gain was cased only by a lack of exercise. With obesity at epidemic proportions many are starting to question is it something in the food too? How to cite High Fructose Corn Syrup, Papers

High Fructose Corn Syrup Free Essays

WHAT IS HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP? * High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a calorie-providing sweetener used to sweeten foods and beverages, particularly processed and store-bought foods. It is made by an enzymatic process from glucose syrup that is derived from corn. A relatively new food ingredient, it was first produced in Japan in the late 1960s, then entered the American food supply system in the early 1970s. We will write a custom essay sample on High Fructose Corn Syrup or any similar topic only for you Order Now HFCS is a desirable food ingredient for food manufacturers because it is equally as sweet as table sugar, blends well with other foods, helps foods to maintain a longer shelf life, and is less expensive (due to government subsidies on corn) than other sweeteners. It can be found in a variety of food products including soft drinks, salad dressings, ketchup, jams, sauces, ice cream and even bread. The enzyme process that changes the 100% glucose corn syrup into HFCS 42 is as follows: 1. alpha-amylase  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ produces shorter chains of sugars called  oligosaccharides  from raw  cornstarch. 2. Glucoamylase  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ breaks the oligosaccharides down even further to yield the simple sugar glucose. 3. Xylose isomerase  (aka glucose isomerase) – converts glucose to a mixture of about 42% fructose and 50–52% glucose with some other sugars mixed in. * has the same calories from sugar, honey There are two types of high fructose corn syrup found in foods today: * HFCS-55 (the main form used in soft drinks) contains 55% fructose and 45% glucose. * HFCS-42 (the main form used in canned fruit in syrup, ice cream, desserts, and baked goods) contains 42% fructose and 58% glucose. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP? Low Calorie and Generally Recognized as Safe * HFCS’s calorie content is similar to table sugar, about 4 calories per gram. It is also a food product â€Å"generally recognized as safe† by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration. * Ubiquitous, Well-Preserved Food at Low Prices * Food manufacturers favor HFCS because it is just as sweet as cane sugar but cheaper. This means they can produce greater amounts of food at lower prices and enable the country to enjoy relatively rare food shortages. In addition, HFCS acts as a food preservative and protects food from water activity that allows microorganisms to grow. It also helps reduce freezer burn and aids in the fermentation process for yeast-raised bread and * * WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WITH HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP? * * That’s why many of the lower class is more malnourished because the things they can afford are all processed and packaged and full of hfcs many other preservatives * IS THIS A CREDIBLE SOURCE OF INFORMATION? * * HowStuffWorks. com is *probably* accurate in its information, but it’s not the best place to get your information because it’s just doing the same thing you are–compiling bits of information from a lot of different sources, not producing new information. The person writing the article may or may not be an expert in the field they’re writing in, but the article is meant for people to satisfy their curiosity, not do serious research. * * http://www. sparkpeople. com/resource/nutrition_articles. asp? id=486 http://www. eatrightontario. ca/en/Articles/Carbohydrate/What-you-need-to-know-about-high-fructose-corn-syr. aspx http://www. livestrong. com/article/339628-nutritional-benefit-of-high-fructose-corn-syrup/ How to cite High Fructose Corn Syrup, Papers High Fructose Corn Syrup Free Essays High Fructose Corn Syrup: Friend or Enemy We eat every day, rarely thinking about what’s going into our bodies. Take soda, for example, when was the last time you read the label before taking a sip? For me, it is never. One of the first ingredients listed on the can is HFCS or high fructose corn syrup. We will write a custom essay sample on High Fructose Corn Syrup or any similar topic only for you Order Now This ingredient is a secret additive to many products in today’s market. High Fructose Corn Syrup is one of the cheapest to make and hardest to get rid of in the body. Since its introduction to food products in the 70’s it has slowly been added to most foods, even ketchup. More and more scientists are trying to find links between HFCS and several major health problems; such as diabetes and obesity. Although a major link has not been definitely determined to date, minor links have been proven such as such as the amounts that can be consumed before harm can be determined. Even though some minor associations have been made the FDA still considers HFCS to be safe for consumption. The reason for this is because HFCS is not considered an artificial ingredient. The rule considered is as long as a product has no signs of a chemical added it cannot be labeled an â€Å"artificial ingredient†. In researching the origin of High Fructose Corn Syrup I found out that mercury was found in the product. Even with this new information, the FDA still allows this product to be used in 94% of the foods we consume every day. Why would you need to put HFCS in baby formula? In places like England and France they have practically banned HFCS and made it difficult to use in the entire country. The European Union has a deal with the Sugar Refiners to only use natural cane and beet sugars. High Fructose or Syrup as you now knows are any almost everything we eat and drink. But what you don’t know is what it is really doing inside your body. High Fructose Corn Syrup started being mass produced in 1982. It was around that time that researchers noticed an increase in children developing type II diabetes. Obesity around the country has soared. Type 2 diabetes is related to the body’s inability to effectively use the insulin that is produced by the pancreas. This is thought to be directly related to weight. It has been proven that HFCS also cause heart problems. This is also thought to be weight related. Despite all the recent attempts to try and prove HFCS unhealthy effects, the Corn Refiners Association has come out with campaigns in High Fructose Corn Syrup’s defense. They state the HFCS are not bad and are ok when eaten in moderation. There is no such thing as moderation when it is found in 94 % of the food. While more cons can be found than pros for HFCS; the Corn RefinersAssociation stands behind their product. In fact all the pros I found came from the CRA. The only truth I found was that it is cheaper to produce. Their website has no real information; and in fact called what many to believe to be truths myths. Although the Corn Refiners Association proved to be pointless my endless goggle search did take me too many blogs and organizations which I found to be very informative. Even though the bloggers were only expressing their opinion, many found HFCS to be repulsive. Many of the organizations say they are 20 xs bad for your health. The most informative was HighFructoseCornSyrup. com they are a group of bloggers that I agree with. Each of their articles deal with HFCS in the media and how it is affecting us as a society. After reading all this information and making my way through my research, I began to question what I was eating. Is this slurpee chockfull of HFCS? Of course, just look at how sweet it is. Is my burger only good because that ketchup it’s covered with is full of â€Å"sugar†, I mean high fructose corn syrup? Maybe I’m just losing it because I didn’t want to believe what I had been hearing for years was true. Is my weight gain because I eat too much or is it the Additive that is in so many of the foods I eat that caused the weight gain in the first place? Hmm! Although it has been on the market for about 35 years most thought their weight gain was cased only by a lack of exercise. With obesity at epidemic proportions many are starting to question is it something in the food too? How to cite High Fructose Corn Syrup, Papers

Internet Cafe or Cyber Cafe free essay sample

An internet cafe or cybercafe is a place which provides internet access to the public, usually for a fee. These businesses usually provide snacks and drinks, hence the cafe in the name. The fee for using a computer is usually charged as a time-based rate. Cyberia: one of the worlds first Internet cafes, London, 1994 The internet cafe phenomenon was started in July 1991 by Wayne Gregori in San Francisco when he began SFnet Coffeehouse Network. To be able to determine the demand and supply of the proposed business in the market. To be able to promote the most appropriate method for the management in operating the business To be able to acquire the computer system that will meet the expectations and needs of the computer users To be able to prove that the proposed business will provide benefits to people as well as to the government. Constructing a business is not an easy task to do. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Cafe or Cyber Cafe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are a lot of factors to be considered as well as the step to be followed. Therefore, this study will be a great help to the society specifically to those where interests lies in the computer area. Furthermore, this will serve as a reference for future studies for those students who wish to conduct a paper which is similar to such topic. For the researchers, this paper can enlighten their thinking with regards to the reality of life especially as we walk towards the path of the business world. Also aside form being informative this research will encourage the readers to stay abreast to the various developments in the internet which is after all is considered as the world’s largest library of information on-line. CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY : MARKET ASPECT : The Internet-services side of the business is rapidly being accepted by the local communities. Students love to gather for late-night sessions, nearby seniors are getting a glimpse of what the Internet offers, and local business people enjoy stopping by for a quick bite to eat while checking their emails. Because of this, demand for internet service has grown tremendously. TECHNICHAL ASPECT : Gaddy’s internet cafe is a place where one can use a computer with Internetaccess, most for a fee, usually per hour or minute; it also provides other services like printing, CD/DVD burning and photocopying. It may serve as a regular cafe as well, with food and drinks being served.

Public admin as an art or science free essay sample

I think public administration is a science because it involves the study of government decision making and policies, which can help to produce more policies. Science is also defined as the study of something or the pursuit of knowledge on public administration. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Public_administration has more details on public administration. Public administration is not a science or an art. Public administration is known as a craft for many reasons. It is not science because there isnt an entirely correct way of doing it, there are no equations that will constitute efficiency or effectiveness for sure. Science is all about facts, The Study of Administration Woodrow Wilson November 1, 1886 An Essay I suppose that no practical science is ever studied where there is no need to know it. The very fact, therefore, that the eminently practical science of administration is finding its way into college courses in this country would Top of Form Bottom of Form MSGManagement Basics At a first glance it seems easier to accept public administration as an art. We will write a custom essay sample on Public admin as an art or science or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is just the administration of Government affairs and for most part it does not follow the laws of Science like absence of normative value, predictability of behavior and universal application. So, does that mean we cannot list it into a respectable category of scientific subjects? There are many authors who ferociously defended it and argued that public administration as an area of study is indeed a Science. The earliest of them was Lorenz von Stein an 1855, a German professor from Vienna who said that public administration is an integrated Science and viewing it just as administrative laws was a restrictive definition. In modern times, categorizing public administration as Science found favor with many, the most important one being the father of American public administration, President Woodrow Wilson. We shall read more about the Wilsonian view of public administration in the next article, however he mainly emphasized that the objective of administrative study is to discover what government can properly and successfully do and how it can do those things with utmost efficiency with least possible cost of money or energy. After Wilson another important argument came from Frederick Taylor who wrote a book called The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) in which he proposed to discover one best way of doing things/operation and thus save on cost on time and energy. Luther Gulick and L Urvick collectively published, Papers on the Science of Administration which reaffirmed its status as a Science. W F Willoughby stated that public administration like Science has certain fundamental principles which can be generally applied and therefore it is a Science. However, there still remain certain aspects to be established before public administration can be actually and in real terms, be classified as a Science. The places of normative values in public administration should be clearly defined. More efforts should be put in to understanding the human nature and dynamics at play in public administration. Lastly, the principles of public administration should derive references from across the worlds, cultures, type of states etc to make them more universal and free of cultural, religious and political biases. The advent of the modern welfare state itself has added, to the changing approach to public administration. The kind of activities and sphere of works have never been more varied and dynamic and there has been a never before interest in actually improving the efficiency of the government. Subject matter experts like Frederick Taylor have opened ways to exploration, experimentation, observation, collection of data and analysis based on which principles and laws can be made. There are increasing number of authors like Metcalfe, Fayol, Emerson, Follett, Mooney, and more recently Drucker etc who have written on the subjects of administration. In-fact Drucker wrote a book called â€Å"The Age of Discontinuity† and one of the chapters of the book called The Sickness of Government became the basis of the New Public Management theory popular in 1980s which emphasized the market oriented management of the public sector. So, one can safely say that with the changing times and more and more studies carried out in the field of social sciences, administration and human relations, the subject of public administration can no longer take the shelter of art and would have to emerge stronger with relevant and fundamental principles like that of Science. I think public administration is a science because it involves the study of government decision making and policies, which can help to produce more policies. Science is also defined as the study of something or the pursuit of knowledge on public administration (myschoolcomm reply) Hassan Raza Lyndall Urwick (1891-1983) was a British army officer turned theorist and consultant whose work integrated the ideas of scientific management with the ideas of classical organization theory. Luther Gulick (1892-1970) served on President Franklin D. Roosevelts Committee on Administrative Management during the 1930s, and his major interests were political science and public service. Urwick and Gulick edited a 1937 publication titled Papers on the Science of Administration, Kelly Gathered these Facts Email Since the earliest days of bureaucratic infrastructure, governments have employed individuals on a hierarchical basis to carry out the numerous functions associated with government services and the implementation of policy in public life. These individuals are known as public servants, and the infrastructure to which they belong is called public administration. Public servants, or public administrators, have traditionally been either hired or appointed, but not elected. Public administrators are responsible for carrying out the functions which result from and are stipulated by lawmakers at the executive, legislative and judicial levels of government. To this extent, government administrators include government ministers, law enforcement personnel, municipal managers and economic analysts and strategists. These individuals work in government at all levels from federal to state to municipal and represent the hierarchical manner by which public power is delegated as a means to ensure the effectiveness of public policy as well as the efficient distribution of its benefits to those governed. As a discipline, public administration came to the fore in the late 1800s when academics including Woodrow Wilson, then a professor at Wesleyan University prior to his ascension to the U. S. presidency, proposed a model of government bureaucracy that closely followed large businesses and corporations in terms of infrastructure and cost effectiveness. Up to this time in the late 1800s, roles in government were available not necessarily on the basis of aptitude or skill, but rather by virtue of connections, word-of-mouth and nepotism. The emerging model of public administration encouraged greater fairness of opportunity to participate in public administration through the use of written civil service examinations. These exams would indicate an individual’s understanding of the bureaucratic infrastructure as well as the theoretical bases of public policy implementation, public finance and the extent of the authority of a public administrator’s role. Such measures were first initiated by the Pendleton Act of 1883, requiring that candidates for roles in the federal government undergo testing as a prerequisite for being hired. In 1978, the Civil Service Reform Act took additional steps to ensure fairness of opportunity and fair treatment for candidates as well as those currently employed as public administrators at the federal level. Between the 1880s and the early 1900s, public administration developed in academia as an interdisciplinary approach to the effectiveness of public policy between the bureaucratic system and the population it is meant to serve. As a discipline, public administration further seeks to reform the existing bureaucratic system so that it may more effectively adapt to the public’s changing needs. Numerous colleges and universities now offer undergraduate- and graduate-level degree programs in public administration, integrating such subjects as history, economics, public finance, political science and sociology. These component parts illustrate the multitude of perspectives required for effectively implementing public policy. The educated public administrator understands how his or her role differs from that of a politician, the distinction between public and private enterprises and the benefits of superimposing business fundamentals on the management of a bureaucratic framework. The question of whether public administration should be classified as an art or a science has been the subject of much speculation in terms of its multidimensional approach. Many believe that the effective implementation of public policy where maintaining good relations with the public is concerned is, in and of itself, an art. However, the role of public administration as both a profession and as an academic discipline worthy of quantifiable examination and review classifies it unequivocally as a science. See more at: http://www. thefreeresource. com/is-public-administration-a-science-or-an-art#sthash. 9MGc5vtM. dpuf which included articles on organization theory and public administration. Gulick isolated the responsibilities of the chief executive and enumerated them according to the acronym POSDCORB, which stands for planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting. One of his main points was that well-managed, self-contained organizations or departments are nearly always headed by a single top manager such as a CEO. For his part, Urwick believed that the activities necessary to achieve organizational goals should be grouped and assigned to individuals in an impersonal way, echoing the impartial detachment of Max Webers bureaucracy. Urwick also wrote about the problems of managing large numbers of employees, identified multiple levels of supervisory management, and used a formula to determine the minimum and maximum number of subordinates a manager can effectively supervise. His work was an important step in synthesizing the principles of scientific management with the thinking of Weber and Fayol. Art is skillful and systematized practice. It comes to a person partly as a matter of natural endowment and partly from effort to learn and master its techniques. For a long time public administration has been assumed as an art. It has been repeated often that administrators are born and not made. Gifted administrators like Kautilya, Akbar, Todarmal, Bismarck and Sardar Patel worked wonders with their administrative skill and were hailed as the greatest artists in their own field by an admiring world. This was the reason why training had no role in preparing an administrator for his future job. However, there is difference of opinion among the thinkers on whether public administration is an art, science or craft. Before we decide whether there is a science of administration or not, it is necessary to understand the meaning of the term â€Å"Science†. If by science is meant a conceptual scheme of things in which every particularity covered may be assigned a mathematical value, and then administration is not a science. If on the other hand, we rightly use the term in connection with a body of systematized knowledge, derived from experience and observation, then public administration is a science. Public administration knowledge is increasing and public administration study is being approached through the scientific method. Luther Gullick is of the view that, â€Å"Science of administration is a system of knowledge whereby men may understand relationship, predict results and influence outcomes in any situation where men are organized at work together for a common purpose†. Science is characterized by precision and predictability. A scientific rule is one that works all the time. As a matter of fact rules in science are considered to be so rigid and final that they are not called rules at all but laws. Two parts of hydrogen combined with one part of Oxygen will always give us Water or steam or ice, depending on the temperature regardless of where and when the amalgamation of the two elements takes place. Of course, if the apparatus combining them is dusty or if some one switches it off at the wrong time, or if any of countless thousands of other things happen, the formation of H20 may not occur. But this does not invalidate the formula. So nor sciences or some aspects of science, achieve such a 100 percent level of predictability. Many of the scientific aspects of the social science similarly deal with expectations that govern only a portion of the elements being scrutinized, not all of them. For example many social scientists feel that they have established pretty much as a scientific law, the theory that political participation correlates with education and affluence. But more explicitly they feel that their research has proved that the more educated and/ or the more affluent people are, the more they will tend to participate in the political participation, will almost invariably be greater in those communities or neighborhoods where education and affluence is greater. However one cannot automatically assume that any person who has a Ph. D and one having Rs. 50,000 per month salary-the two do not always go together will be a feverish participant in the political process. In similar fashion, one cannot single out an individual at the bottom rung of the education-affluence ladder and automatically assume that he or she is estranged from or antagonistic to, politics; obviously some low income and less educated people participate quite intensively in politics, while some of the well educated rich have never been bothered registering to vote. Yet, with it all, the latter are much more likely to take a more active role in politics than are the former. Science here reigns, although somewhat imperfectly, by establishing degrees of probability. Administration makes or should make great use of scientific data, laws, and theories. The use of mathematics and computer sciences in some aspects of budgeting is a fairly obvious example. The utilization is personnel work of somewhat less definitive but nevertheless statistically valid material developed by psychologist is another. Thus administration uses these types of scientific data, but is it a science itself? In attempting to answer this question we should note that the utilization of science is not confirmed to the sciences themselves. Music, for instant, bases itself on law of harmony that are quite mathematical. Painting depends on laws dealing with the colours of the spectrum. Yet both music and painting are arts, not sciences. In a sense, the same holds true for administration. Administrators made use of scientific laws, techniques and data. But they do so in ways that allow a great deal of free rein to the individual imagination and temperament. Practically every social discipline, finds itself confronted with the question whether it can be a science? It is obvious that social sciences cannot produce such results with the same certainty as it can in the physical sciences like physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Astronomy etc. Politics has no principles by following which a political leader or party can win a majority or prevent revolution with absolute certainty. Economics has no sure recipe for making individual or nation prosperous. Same way, public administration too has no sure principles by which desired results can always be obtained. And on his ground the physical scientists and others of their way of thinking during the claim of these studies to be sciences. We are proud that man thinks fie has a will of his own and acts in accordance with the dictates of his will not two persons-not even real brothers are completely identical in their attitudes, perceptions, orientations, and responses. Even the same person doe? not make, identical response to identical situations. A subject which studies human behaviour is, as a result, certainly much more complex and should in no way, be regarded as existing on a level lower than that of physical sciences. Robert Dahl has argued that public administration is not a science because it does not have principles that are of Universal applicability. He says that there can be no truly universal generalization about public administration without a social characteristic impinging on public administration. Can we determine what aspects of public administration of any, are truly independent of nation and social setting? Are these principles of public administration that are of universal applicability or valid only in terms of special environment public administration have had its growth in the cultural framework of the west. As such, its findings and principles may not necessarily hold valid in other parts of the world, where different cultures prevail. As public administration has vital interaction with its social setting, an institution or principle of public administration is unlikely, to be transplanted in another society. Public administration is culture bound. Until principles of public administration are either derived or varied from cross-cultural studies, they cannot lay claim to universal validity. In short, public administration can be entitled to be called science only after its principles are directly derived from studies and investigations made in the different societies of the world-in Asian, satin American and African Countries. No social science including public administration, which studies human behaviour, can claim the degree of precision and in fallibility characteristic of physical science. Dahl says, â€Å"We are long away from a science of public administration† No science of public administration is possible unless: (a) The place of normative value is made clear. (b) The nature of men in the area of administration is better understood and his conduct is more predictable. (c) There is a body of comparative studies from which it may be possible to discover principles and generalities that transcend national boundaries and peculiar historical experiences. There is much validity to the criticism of Dahl. But it must he remembered that he wrote this in 1957. Since then much advancement has been made. Increasing research has been initiated to discover the place of man in different administrative settings and to understand the compulsions of social environment of public administration. Comparative studies today form the core of the discipline. Thus, great effort is being made in studying public administration in scientific direction. Public administration must be understood to be science because a scientific approach to its study can be used. It is not a science to the extent that it has preciseness or universal validity of laws or principles. To this extent there is no social science that can claim the pre-requisites of a physical science. Public administration is primarily a science of observation rather than experiment. Public administration is a progressive science whose generalization or ‘Principles’ are bound to be constantly revised and restated in the light of fresh discovery of facts and new experience. There can be no absolute liability about the lessons it teaches, although various points of view put forward from time to time may give the student a truer and truer insight into the problems involved. With a view to encroaching the science of public administration and discover new techniques and principles of administration special institutions have been established in all the advanced countries of the world. For example, in Great Britain there is renounced Institute of Public Administration, in the U. S. A. there is the famous Max Well Graduate School of Public Administration at Syracuse, and in India, there is the Indian Institute of Public Administration in New Delhi. Now we focus our discussion to the last category, that of craft, we find a more suitable or at least a more comfortable classification. The woman who paints a picture that hangs in a museum is an artist. The man who brings his easel and palette into the museum to copy this picture is a craftsman. The later has an objective stands for the goal he is trying to meet and against which he can be judged. He may use a variety of techniques and materials in his effort to achieve this goal. But the goals remain the same. Another painter-craftsman with the same aim may mix paints differently, shade light differently, or do a host of other things which the former craftsman did not do. But he or she is striving for the same end and outside observer can usually determine who was the most successful. A more persistent hypothetical problem will further point up the ability of viewing administration as neither a science nor an art but as a craft. Let us assume that a city is divided for the purpose of garbage collection into two distinct and equal sections. One team of sanitation workers under an assistant sanitation commissioner is assigned to each section, with the objective of keeping the streets clean. The ways in which each team goes about; its work may differ depending on the personalities of workers, and a variety of other factors. But an objective standard exists for comparing the relative efficiency of each which produces cleaner streets? Most administrative activity does not lend itself to such an easy evaluation as the example just given. When it comes to assessing the efficiency of a foreign policy operation-to take just one example, assessments and judgments can become very tricky. The administration of a policy often becomes hard to separate from the policy itself. Furthermore, there is not always agreement on the critical or the objective against success or failure is to be measured. And in many cases, varying conditions will complicate our comparison. In the street cleaning case, for instance, one team may excel another team only because its streets are in a lower density section of the city which has less garbage. Or it may outperform the other team only because its district is closer to the incinerator, thereby cutting down the travel times needed to send its dump trucks back and forth. Nevertheless, despite all these complicating factors, in most administrative situations there is an objective standard lurking somewhere, shadowy and illusive and hard to apply through it. At the same time, there is almost never a precise formula that will invariably work best in all situations. The situations not only change but the ideas that may be applied to handling them are almost as infinite as the human mind. Another example, this one from history will provide further support for our contention that administration may be more easily categorized as a craft than as an art or a science. President Roosevelt used a great deal of artistry and imagination in dealing with various problems faced in the particular situation. Yet he was not creating a work of art but resolving a difficult problem. The same time, however, scientist, for what he did not lend itself to easy formalization. His solution, although it might provide some ideas for other administrators faced with similar dilemmas, certainly does not lend itself to an all-embracing equation. Such a solution, for instance, would not have proved of much use of George Washington when he confronted the somewhat similar challenge of dealing with the bitter fight between his two top aides, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. For one thing, there were no conservation projects to inspect, no trains to transport the visiting party

Is it Important to You That Your Friend Likes You?

Is it Important to You That Your Friend Likes You?There are many misconceptions surrounding the Isee sample essay question The grade in college, however most students have a really hard time with this. In fact, some of them actually put together essays on the subject of 'See essay question The grade in college' but are not able to write a decent one. And if you're like most students who have a hard time with Isee questions in college, I am here to help you understand how to do it.It is important to remember that just because it is said on an Isee question in college, it does not mean it is a real good essay. There are many similar Isee question in college sample essays, which are actually a totally different set of problems and should be treated as such. But to start with, let's go over some of the common misconceptions people have about how to do it.One misconception is that Isee essay question The grade in college only asks about grades. While that is true, the question can also be based around other things. In fact, the title of the question could actually be modified so that it can be more appropriate. For example, when asked 'Is one of your strengths in your ability to concentrate? ', a proper answer might be something like 'I focus on the positive aspects of my life and use them to achieve goals and dreams.'Another misconception is that asking is one of your strengths in college should only involve a fairly large amount of text. This is true because it is more likely to be more difficult to write a decent essay if it is very large. However, it is still a good idea to write at least four paragraphs to get started and then try to create some sort of structure so that you know what you're doing and aren't just wandering aimlessly through the text.For a third misconception, students often think that the question in isee sample essay question The grade in college should always be a story or situation. In fact, this is very common in a lot of cases where there is an essay assignment that deals with the feelings of someone who is out of sorts. This is typically where an Isee question in college will ask 'Is it important to you that your friend likes you?'The problem with most of these types of isee question in college is that they are either too long or just plain hard to write. And just as with any of the other user questions in college, if you are struggling with one of these it is important to go back and check the wording of the original essay.It is certainly possible to write a perfectly functioning essay using an Isee question in college but many students fail to do so because they feel too overwhelmed or simply don't know how to go about it. If you are struggling with the way you are going about the writing process, I recommend that you try taking a look at some of the See sample essay questions in college on the internet.

Free Essays on Strategic Planning Limitation

Strategic planning Limitations Universities may encounter a multitude of problems as they go forward with their strategic planning process. This section discusses several of these difficulties and offers ways to minimize or avoid them. POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Strategic planning is an involved, intricate, and complex process that takes an organization into the uncharted territory. It does not provide a ready to use prescription for success; instead, it takes the organization through a journey and helps develop a framework and context within which the answers will emerge. Literature and research has documented extensively the possible problems that may arise during the process. Being aware of these issues and prepared to address them is essential to success: organization's strategic planning effort may fail if these potential pitfalls are ignored. To increase universities' awareness, this section reviews some of these limitations. Commitment One of the major challenges of strategic planning is ensuring commitment at the top, because in some ways, strategic planning reduces executive decision-making power. It encourages involvement throughout the organization, and "empowers" people to make decisions within the framework defined by the strategic planning process. As a result, this shifts some of the decision making from the executive office to the participants. Commitment of the people throughout the university "grows out of a sense of ownership of the project" (Mintzberg, 1994, p. 172). Such commitment is essential to success. Strategic planning implies organization-wide participation, which can only be achieved if people believe that their involvement counts, and that they will benefit from the process. Inflexibility of plans and planning Strategic planning might inhibit changes, and discourage the organization from considering disruptive alternatives (Mintzberg, 1994, p. 178). Planning might inhibit creativit... Free Essays on Strategic Planning Limitation Free Essays on Strategic Planning Limitation Strategic planning Limitations Universities may encounter a multitude of problems as they go forward with their strategic planning process. This section discusses several of these difficulties and offers ways to minimize or avoid them. POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Strategic planning is an involved, intricate, and complex process that takes an organization into the uncharted territory. It does not provide a ready to use prescription for success; instead, it takes the organization through a journey and helps develop a framework and context within which the answers will emerge. Literature and research has documented extensively the possible problems that may arise during the process. Being aware of these issues and prepared to address them is essential to success: organization's strategic planning effort may fail if these potential pitfalls are ignored. To increase universities' awareness, this section reviews some of these limitations. Commitment One of the major challenges of strategic planning is ensuring commitment at the top, because in some ways, strategic planning reduces executive decision-making power. It encourages involvement throughout the organization, and "empowers" people to make decisions within the framework defined by the strategic planning process. As a result, this shifts some of the decision making from the executive office to the participants. Commitment of the people throughout the university "grows out of a sense of ownership of the project" (Mintzberg, 1994, p. 172). Such commitment is essential to success. Strategic planning implies organization-wide participation, which can only be achieved if people believe that their involvement counts, and that they will benefit from the process. Inflexibility of plans and planning Strategic planning might inhibit changes, and discourage the organization from considering disruptive alternatives (Mintzberg, 1994, p. 178). Planning might inhibit creativit...

Hunt the US Treasury for Your Lost Money

Hunt the US Treasury for Your Lost Money Unfortunately, the U.S. Treasury Department’s Treasury Hunt website for finding and claiming lost U.S. Savings Bonds is no longer available. Instead, persons wishing to claim and recover lost, stolen, or destroyed bonds should submit Fiscal Service Form 1048, Claim for Lost, Stolen, or Destroyed United States Savings Bonds. Form 1048, along with instructions are available at https://www.treasurydirect.gov/forms/sav1048.pdf Filing a Claim for Lost Savings Bonds When filing the Fiscal Service Form 1048, Claim for Lost, Stolen, or Destroyed United States Savings Bonds, the Treasury Department offers the following advice: The serial numbers of all bonds should be listed if available. If a bond’s serial number is unavailable, the following information for each bond being claimed must be provided on the Fiscal Service Form 1048, regardless of the type of ownership for the bond: The month and year the bond was purchased.The bond owner’s first and last name as it appeared on the original bond (plus the owner’s middle name or initial, if it was on the original bond.)The original owner’s street address, city, and state.The bond owner’s Social Security Number (Taxpayer Identification Number) as it appeared on the original bond. To avoid processing delays, the Treasury Department advises that each required Fiscal Service Form 1048, along with any additional documents, should be completed fully and correctly, signed, and certified according to the instructions provided on the form. Options for Successfully Claimed Savings Bonds Once the existence and legal ownership of lost, stolen, or destroyed bonds has been verified by filing the required Fiscal Service Form 1048, owners of the bonds have the following options: For Series EE and I Bonds Cash them.Replace them with a bond in electronic form. For Series HH Bonds Cash themReplace them with paper bonds. For Series E and H Bonds Cash them. More about U.S. Savings Bonds Holders of Series H or HH savings bonds, which pay interest currently, should also check the Treasury Hunt web site to look for interest payments returned to the U.S. Bureau of the Public Debt as undeliverable. The most common cause for a payment to be returned is when a customer changes bank accounts or address and fails to provide new delivery instructions.Series E bonds sold from May of 1941 through November of 1965 earn interest for 40 years. Bonds sold since December of 1965 earn interest for 30 years. So, bonds issued in February of 1961 and earlier have stopped earning interest as have bonds issued between December of 1965 and February of 1971. Savings bonds become undeliverable and are sent to the  U.S. Bureau of the Public Debt  only after financial institution issuing agents or the  Federal Reserve  make several attempts at delivering the bonds to investors. Bonds returned as undeliverable are a tiny fraction of the 45 million bonds sold each year.The Bureau of the Public Debt has a number of employees assigned to a special locator group that finds owners of undeliverable payments and bonds. Each year they locate and deliver several millions of dollars in returned interest payments and thousands of previously undeliverable bonds to their owners. Treasury Hunt adds to the effectiveness, not to mention the fun, of this effort by making it easy for the public to check and see if theyve got a bond or interest payment waiting for them.